School of Physics - Universiti Sains Malaysia

MODELLING AND VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF ALVEOLAR RESONANCE MECHANISM OF ULTRASOUND–INDUCED LUNG HAEMORRHAGE

 

MODELLING AND VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF ALVEOLAR RESONANCE MECHANISM OF ULTRASOUND–INDUCED LUNG HAEMORRHAGE

 

ABSTRACT

The most widely studied biological adverse effect of the diagnostic ultrasound is the ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage. The ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage has been observed in various animal experimentations. Nevertheless, the actual mechanism of the ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage still remains undetermined. One of the proposed but unexplored mechanisms is the alveolar resonance mechanism. The hypothetical alveolar resonance mechanism is proposed as the forced vibration and resonance of the alveolar structure by the external ultrasound waves.

This modelling and vibration analysis study, theoretically investigates the alveolar resonance mechanism and its capability for producing the ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage. Firstly, the facet of the alveolar wall was modelled as square and circular membranes with fixed-boundary. The application of the linear theory of vibration together with the laws of linear elasticity unto the membrane models produced the equations of fundamental frequency and threshold pressure. The fundamental frequency of the membrane models represent the natural frequency of the alveolar structure in which the alveolar resonance mechanism may occur. Meanwhile, the threshold pressure determines the occurrence of ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage within the alveolar structure. Next, theoretical data was simulated by applying the equations of fundamental frequency and threshold pressure of this study to selected adult mammals and human.

The simulated theoretical data was then compared against past experimental data of ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage on animals for validation purpose. It is found that the modelling of alveolar wall facet as membrane models in studying the ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage is validated with 95% confidence. Therefore, the alveolar resonance can be duly considered as a plausible mechanism of the ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage and the membrane models adequately describe it. This study consequently predicts that the ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage can be deterred if the tidal breath is < 20% of the total lung capacity (for adult mammals and human) and if the frequency of ultrasound is kept > 1.69 MHz while the mechanical index, MI is < 1.9 (for adult human).

 

PERMODELAN DAN ANALISIS GETARAN UNTUK MEKANISMA RESONANS ALVEOLUS BAGI PENDARAHAN PARU-PARU AKIBAT ULTRASOUND

ABSTRAK

Kesan buruk biologi diagnostik ultrasound yang dikaji secara meluas adalah pendarahan paru-paru akibat ultrasound. Pendarahan paru-paru akibat ultrasound telah di laporkan berlaku dalam experimentasi menggunakan haiwan. Namun begitu, mekanisma yang menyebabkan pendarahan paru-paru akibat ultrasound masih belum dikenalpasti. Salah satu daripada mekanisma pendarahan paru-paru akibat ultrasound yang dicadangkan tapi belum dikaji adalah mekanisma resonans alveolus. Mekanisma resonans alveolus dicadangkan sebagai getaran paksa struktur alveolus oleh gelombang ultrasound luaran.

Kajian permodelan dan analisis getaran ini, menyiasat secara teori mekanisma resonans alveolus dan keupayaanya untuk menyebabkan pendarahan paru-paru akibat ultrasound. Pertama sekali, permukaan dinding alveolus dimodelkan sebagai membran berbentuk segiempat-sama dan bulatan dengan sempadan tetap. Aplikasi teori getaran linear bersama hukum-hukum kekenyalan linear keatas model-model membran ini, menghasilkan persamaan frekuensi asas dan tekanan ambang. Frekuensi asas model membran mewakili frekuensi asli struktur alveolus yang mana resonans boleh berlaku. Manakala, tekanan ambang mecetuskan pendarahan di dalam dinding alveolus disebabkan oleh gelombang ultrasound. Seterusnya, data teori disimulasikan dengan mengaplikasikan persamaan frekuensi asas dan tekanan ambang ke atas mamalia dewasa terpilih dan manusia.

Data teori simulasi ini dibandingkan dengan data experimen pendarahan paru-paru akibat ultrasound dari kajian lepas yang dilakukan ke atas haiwan untuk tujuan validasi. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa penggunaan model membran permukaan dinding alveolus yang berbentuk segiempat-sama dan bulatan bagi kajian pendarahan paru-paru akibat ultrasoun divalidasikan dengan 95% kebarangkalian. Oleh kerana itu, mekanisma resonans alveolus boleh dianggap sebagai mekanisma yang mungkin merupakan penyebab pendarahan paru-paru akibat ultrasound dan model membran mejelaskannya secara baik. Seterusnya kajian ini meramalkan bahawa pendarahan paru-paru akibat ultrasound boleh dielakkan jika pernafasan adalah < 20% daripada kapasiti penuh paru-paru (untuk semua mamalia) dan jika frekuansi ultrasound dikekalkan > 1.69 MHz bila indeks mekanikal adalah < 1.9 (untuk manusia).

 

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The Dean, School of Physics,
Universiti Sains Malaysia,
11800 USM,
Penang, Malaysia

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